Online Poker Legislation In Us

They feature 1,500 slot machines, a casual restaurant, and parking for 1,600. Some have authored legislation regulating and taxing operators, while others do not.

The terms of that deal expire in 2018. The Pimlico racetrack was opened in 1870 in Baltimore.But it’s not at all clear that allowing Internet versions of forms of gambling that are already legal in Maryland would require a voter referendum.[19] In 2004, the British Columbia Lottery Corporation launched Canada's first legal online casino, PlayNow.com , which makes legal online gambling available to residents of British Columbia and Manitoba .

Other methods are also decenly fast, but they're not nearly as speedy as Bitcoin

1. IDG.
2. SwCPoker.
3. [19] In 2004, the British Columbia Lottery Corporation launched Canada's first legal online casino, PlayNow.com , which makes legal online gambling available to residents of British Columbia and Manitoba .
4. I.Rich in history and tradition, Massachusetts is caught between the past and the present when it comes to the issue of gambling.  The state has recently embarked on a major expansion of regulated gambling, but still maintains a somewhat arcane approach to unregulated gambling.  Such gambling is dealt with very strictly in Massachusetts, and the definition of illegal gambling is very broad.  Consider the following:

"Gambling and the Law: Online poker sites legislation update seeks to provide our Upswing readers with a better overall understanding of the current regulation/legalization picture.

US States Likely to Legalize Online Gambling in 2018 — CasinoGamesPro.com US States Likely to Legalize Online Gambling in 2018 New York is Looking to Authorize Online Poker California Scratches Off Online Poker Legalization in 2018 California to Wait on Supreme Court’s Sports Betting Ruling Approved Online Casinos Trending News Last year was an exciting one for proponents of online gambling legalization in the United States, especially after Pennsylvania legislators finally signed a bill into law that legalizes and regulates online gambling within its territory. Massachusetts appears to have a fairly relaxed attitude toward enforcement when it comes to individual poker players, but the bigger the game gets in terms of players and money, the more likely it is to attract the attention of officials.Racetrack owners, horse trainers and state governments sometimes receive a share of ADW revenues.

An update on U.S. Https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2015/s5302 RANK:

This is due to  several more pressing issues related to gambling:Maryland’s sixth casino opened in Prince George’s County on December 8, 2016. The skittishness on the part of companies to offer online real-money gaming to Maryland's residents stems more from actual enforcement actions taken by the state.

So far, no major DFS operators have sought to operate in Nevada

• Detailed article researching the law of online poker in California with ..
• , as of this writing only three states have officially declared online poker legal, with a regulatory framework to match.
• Retrieved 21 March 2012.
• 2019-2020 The following graph tracks our expected legislation of online poker in Maryland on a state law level.
• Indeed, the (very conservative) New York Post published an op-ed at the end of last year basically arguing in favor of letting states decide on the legality of both gambling and marijuana nationwide.   When Will Online Poker Be Legal in Your State?

[29] This has made playing of online cards games like rummy, poker, etc.However, casino cruises are advertised from Baltimore.Read more from Upswing Poker: Why is it better to restrict activities than teach a person how to be responsible and enjoy things in moderation?Advocates were hoping for a late push to legalize online gambling, but with only a smattering of session days scheduled for December, and with ambiguity looming as to whether the bill(s) will be addressed at all, the prospects of legalizing in 2016  were bleak .(November 2015) Online gambling (or Internet gambling ) includes poker , casinos and sports betting . As poker players flock to the new room, they can also anticipate the 2019 opening of the Encore Boston Harbor, which claims it will offer 90 poker tables.Hopes rose, when in mid-May, Kowall was quoted stating that he was “fairly confident” online gambling legislation could pass a vote 2016.

Http://wwwlegisstatewvus/wvcode/ChapterEntirecfm?chap=61&art=10§ion=5 RANK:

• ( They hate money!
•   ^ Smith, Garry.
• Not withstanding this fact, there are an estimated 1,200 to 1,400 offshore websites that make casino type games and other gambling activities available to Canadians.
• [38] The Bill identified updates to the laws already in place in the UK, and also created the UK Gambling Commission to take over from the Gambling Board.
• Lotteries in Maryland The state legislature authorized the creation of a state lottery in 1972 under Title 9, Subtitle 1 of the State Government Article, and it began business under the oversight of the Maryland State Lottery Agency in 1973.
• “We can’t wait any longer, even though we’re still in the middle of licensing [casinos].” Likewise, State Sen.
• As you know, we have been carefully following the progress of potential online poker laws in several states, including Massachusetts, Louisiana and Nevada.

| Legislation Update Gain a clearer understanding of the current U.S. New Jersey Online Gambling Apps The site offers a robust spread of cash games and some of the best online poker tournaments in the industry.Lawmakers who are in favor of authorizing online gambling in Michigan are .. "Bill tabled to restrict online gambling in S'pore" .Massachusetts Online Poker, Casino News And ysis Massachusetts Poker Laws - Playing Online Poker in MA Online Gambling and Poker Laws in Massachusetts | US Poker Map ..

MGM has already lobbied for online poker legislation in New York, but 

1. In May of 2015 Bonacic reintroduced his online poker bill, S 5302, but ..
2. An update on U.S.
3. These are essentially social games and electronic scratch-off hybrids including crosswords and bingo games.
4. If you are not sure of the legality of a website and the protections afforded, ..Maryland Live Casino .  The rundown on the gaming and entertainment options at one of Maryland’s largest gambling facilities.
5. 5Dimes has some of the lowest rake we've seen in the industry, and it drops down even lower when you consider the 50% rakeback that you'll receive when you register your new account using our links.
6. Online gambling also received its fair shake.Not Illegal North Carolina North Carolina defines gambling as, "Any game of chance," and a person participating in such other than those specifically permitted by the State is guilty of a Class II Misdemeanor:
7. As online gambling would fall under the purview of, "Illegal Gambling," under Michigan law.

Check out WSOP NJ, 888poker NJ, 

1. In 2013, Nevada became the first state to legalize online poker but only to players physically in the state.
2. There's another anti-gambling law on the books in Maryland that's only applicable to Baltimore City.Are Any Online Bills Likely?
3. However, the Delaware online gaming industry posted its best numbers in 2016, generating $3 million in revenue.
4. In this “best-case” scenario, roughly 8% of America’s adult population would be able to play online poker in a regulated, shared liquidity environment by early 2019.Additional violations found in the statute further expand the definition of illegal gambling, but you get the basic idea from the above - if a form of gambling isn't explicitly permitted by Massachusetts law, the state likely considers that gambling to be illegal.

Other forms of online wagering are addressed by 465.093 which makes it a Misdemeanor to transmit communication either within or outside of the State for the purpose of making a wager: Online poker players, sports bettors, and all sorts of “digital nomads” have been traipsing the ..The first step for online poker is to get on that budget.

Means that no one can see what you're sharing back and forth. Otherwise, browse through our Nitrogen Poker You can avoid the interference of banks and governments by indulging in poker at Nitrogen Sports; for it uses the cryptocurrency Bitcoin for all transactions and gameplay. In the aftermath of the US Supreme Court ruling in favor of sports betting legislation in individual states at the end of May 2018, online gambling is once again the talk of the town.

He owns some of the largest brick and mortar casinos

California to Wait on Supreme Court’s Sports Betting Ruling The battle is not yet lost, however.Privately-Held Casinos Casinos in Maryland are always a big discussion since they generate tons of money to the state and education through heavy taxes. Online gamblers in the Garden State have shown that they prefer the house-banked, poker-style games over peer-to-peer, traditional iPoker.

Online Casinos that Accept US Players Here is a list of online casinos that are currently accepting US players, we advise you select one that has a wizards seal to ensure they are a trusted brand, more info : Casinos There are no casinos in Massachusetts, but Native American tribes have been battling in court over their rights to open casinos.In the states where it's legal and regulated, online poker has had an underwhelming debut ..

When will online poker be legal again online poker real money usa legal online poker legislation updates us real money poker sites is online poker legal in texas texas holdem online real money legal legal online poker california online poker news pokerstars massachusetts poker cash games in massachusetts full tilt poker massachusetts online poker sites massachusetts massachusetts online poker news offshore poker sites is online poker legal in massachusetts massachusetts poker laws online poker maryland 2018 best online poker site for maryland online poker maryland 2017 pokerstars maryland online poker sites legal in maryland betonline maryland online poker maryland reddit maryland live online poker is online poker legal in ny online poker sites online poker real money online poker real money usa how to play online poker is online poker legal in florida online poker usa why is online poker illegal online poker 2018 online poker real money legal in texas is bovada poker legal in texas ignition poker online poker news texas texas poker legislation legalize poker in texas online poker california real money california poker online california online poker news online poker california 2017 california online poker 2018 pokerstars california online poker california reddit ignition poker california is online poker legal 2 2 poker blog 2 2 wsop 2 and 2 poker forum twoplustwo global poker 2 2 poker forum vegas internet poker 2 2 news 2 2 forum app online poker pennsylvania online poker legislation new york poker player news nj sports gambling legalizing sports gambling in new jersey new jersey sports gambling bill new jersey gambling gambling legislation nj sports gambling update new jersey online gambling Will U.S. The new Pirate Bay?" . Against online gambling by authorizing the Casino Control ..As most ..

1. The possibility of legal sports betting outside of Nevada will also likely have some states looking at online wagering; indeed mobile wagering is a part of many of the bills we’ve seen throughout 2018.
2.   ^ "Reuters:
3. The state’s measly $27,695 in online poker revenue in January 2015 will give you a sense of how badly the industry needs to combine its player pools.
4. Poker legislation describes any form of law or regulation which was established to control the provision of casino games.By all accounts, legal online poker is getting off to a slow start in the three states that are currently running games.

Finding a trustworthy room to play online poker can be a monumental burden. The main driving force behind the bill is State Senator John Bonacic.

Play Nevada > Is Online Poker Legal In Nevada?Indeed, when commercial casino gaming was first being legalized, mention was made of adding online gambling to the mix, but nothing came of these first halting steps. Other states had the opportunity to opt in, but they couldn’t get their acts together in time to approve sports betting in their legislatures.Gambling in the United Kingdom In 2003 Tessa Jowell , then Culture Secretary suggested a change in the British Gambling laws to keep up with advances in technology. Restaurant Arome Casino Lac Leamy By 1996, a First Nations group near Montreal, Quebec, Canada set up a gaming commission and started issuing licenses to online poker and casino sites on North American soil.The charge is a fine of up to $750 and imprisonment for up to six months.

N ext year is looking good for online gambling legalization

• News.independent.co.uk.
• But that's not all that is available in the Free State.Read all about the latest news and updates of online poker legislation and laws in the United States and around the world.
• Under current laws, it is not legal to operate a poker online business in the State of Texas.
• Online Gambling Progress Carries Over into 2017 | PokerNews Legalizing online gambling in Pennsylvania and New York could open the door for other states to do the same.Iowa Iowa has perhaps the strictest apparent laws on Online Gambling out there.
• $25 FREE BET available and other perks you can use at their online or LIVE DEALER casino.
• Golden Nugget Casino Betfair Casino Virgin Casino Caesars Casino  888 casino Tropicana Casino Harrahs Casino PlaySugarHouse Borgata Casino Resorts Casino Mohegan Sun Casino Ocean Resort Casino The casino operations granted licenses included:

Senator Bruce Tarr tried again in February 2012 to regulate iGaming

The cool thing about these games, though, is that they're usually extremely soft.Everything could change if more states legalize—Pennsylvania did so in October—and join in with the markets that are already regulated. Aviator Casino Hours Pennsylvania Well, you can’t play there legally yet.The state lottery was established in 1972.  Casino gambling is relatively new and brick and mortar casinos have opened only after 2008.  Charitable gambling is also permitted on restricted basis. Online poker ..

One should also keep in mind that the law prohibits gambling in a public place explicitly

1. The gaming expansion also means that PA will allow VGTs in truck stop locations as well as new Category 4 mini-casinos.
2. We also touch on safe sports and casino options."Hiding and revealing in online poker games" .
3. What's more, you'll get comp points as you particpate in the games you enjoy, and these can be exchanged for tournament entries worth about 5% rakeback.
4. But neither is there one explicitly allowing it, either, which makes legal poker sites in Maryland confusing to say the least.You should be safe in your own house, right?
5. You're Damned Straight It Is!
6. List of legal California poker sites to play real money US poker.
7. If more states go legal, Massachusetts may feel it has no reason to be left out of the party any longer and welcome online poker MA legislation.

2018 – The status quo is likely to persist With each passing year, it becomes far less likely than any type of online gambling ban is implemented at the federal level. | Legislation Update Is It Legal To Play Online Poker In New York? While it is true that Massachusetts does not have a Caesars property, there is still an outside chance that WSOP.com operates in the state.These online poker sites are legal in the U.S.

30, 2017 the law states Pennsylvania can offer regulated and legalized online casinos

Rosenberg echoes those pro-iGaming sentiments: Even after three..

In an attempt to get the bill to a vote, Assemblyman and AB 2863 author Adam Gray introduced 11th hour amendments that would place PokerStars in the “penalty box” for a period of five years. The Guardian.

, a non-profit organization. Illinois Illinois launched a pilot program offering online sales of Lotto and Mega Millions tickets in March 2012.

Jennifer has written for numerous publications including PokerStars.com and has been followed the US market closely for the last 7 years. The fight against online poker in the U.S.

Racetrack owners, horse trainers and state governments sometimes receive a share of ADW revenues. Poker Latino Apk Gratis This was largely viewed by the industry as a way for backers of the unpopular bill to save face.

It allows players to preload funds, buy tickets and download winnings

The first thing that one should do, if one feels uncomfortable with online gambling and is not in a State in which it is expressly legal, is to research your Municipal or County rules and see if there is a prohibition against it. - Quora In Which US States is Online Poker Legal?

By Sean P. “I think every year that passes it makes it more difficult for this to happen through legislative channels.” Even with a Republican-controlled Senate and House of Representatives, and Adelson being the biggest Republican donor, federal interference in the states' rights to decide their role in gambling goes against Republican principles.Access to the sites from the US was shut down and the massive US online poker market was effectively closed.

The full text of Massachusetts law is linked below.  We’ve excerpted and summarized some of the key points for online poker players in Massachusetts: B- Software:Retrieved 14 March 2012.

In August 2014, PokerStars was sold to the Amaya Gaming Group and many believed that this sale made PokerStars a new company under the Amaya umbrella.Bloomberg.com. A 2/3 majority vote was needed in order for the legislature to pass, but this was hardly achievable due to the increasing tensions between online poker opponents, local tribes, card room operators, and lawmakers.

• What is also working against New York is that its recently opened commercial casinos are financially struggling.
• We must mention as well that there have been an unusually high number of fraudsters who got caught in this state for trying to pass off counterfeit casino chips.WWW.CARDPLAYER.COM Legit Poker Websites for Maryland - Laws and Sites Find what legit sites have opened to Maryland, or if poker is even legal and legitimate in the state yet or if offshore companies are still the only option.
• US States Likely to Legalize Online Gambling in 2018 — CasinoGamesPro.com US States Likely to Legalize Online Gambling in 2018 New York is Looking to Authorize Online Poker California Scratches Off Online Poker Legalization in 2018 California to Wait on Supreme Court’s Sports Betting Ruling Approved Online Casinos Trending News Last year was an exciting one for proponents of online gambling legalization in the United States, especially after Pennsylvania legislators finally signed a bill into law that legalizes and regulates online gambling within its territory.
• These online poker sites are legal in the U.S.California California had four different bills introduced in 2015 that would have legalized and set a regulatory framework for intrastate online poker, but all four bills died a Legislative death due to inaction as of a few months ago.

Archived from the original on 5 August 2012

• In total, nine of the 13 casinos applied for these licenses.
• "Beliefs about gambling problems and recovery:[64] The indictment alleges that the companies used fraudulent methods to evade this law, for example, by disguising online gambling payments as purchases of merchandise, and by investing money in a local bank in return for the bank's willingness to process online poker transactions.
• We offer daily poker news, poker professionals' blogs and tweets, exclusive poker videos, thousands of free poker articles, as well as coverage from all major poker tournaments in the world.
• Poker legislation is the system of laws and regulations which surrounds the poker industry and ..A snapshot of the leading sites in NJ’s online poker market is provided in the table below.

PokerStars NJ was a late entry into the market, launching in the Spring of 2016

It all hinges on the outcome of the three situations listed above. If you have questions about NJ-NV player pooling, what you need to do if you have an account, or if you are just signing up,  check out this FAQ .

Gambling constitutes a Class 1 Petty Offense. Our gambling laws date back to the 1960s.

Jump to the latest US online poker news and developments Learn more about the states that are considering regulating online poker Some of the legal background surrounding US online poker . Gambling Germany Law Aside from forms of gambling legalized by the State, gambling is illegal.

In the next few months, legal poker sites in Maryland could become the norm. Into play and is likely to be brought back for further discussions in 2018.

V t e Gambling Games Table game Baccarat Mini-Baccarat Blackjack Craps Pai gow Pai gow poker Roulette Big Six wheel Bingo Bola tangkas Faro Keno Lottery Lottery betting Mahjong Medal game Pachinko Poker Rummy Scratchcard Sic bo Slot machines Sports betting Betting on horse racing Trente et Quarante Video poker Venues List of casinos Casino Online casino Cardroom Racino Riverboat casino Science Mathematics Gambling mathematics Mathematics of bookmaking Poker probability Strategies Advantage gambling Card counting Dice control Asian handicap Due Column betting Labouchère system Martingale Terminology Crimp Double or nothing Even money Handicapping High roller Natural Progressive jackpot Shill Table limit Advance-deposit wagering Miscellaneous Casino game Game of chance Game of skill List of bets Category Commons Wiktionary WikiProject Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_gambling&oldid=851527330 " Categories : "Gambling and the Law:

And just like that, suddenly Massachusetts was back in the running for online gaming

Non-profit poker games are legal, however. The 2016 legislative effort  — AB 2863 — kicked off in similar fashion to the year prior, with the bill  passing in the committee by unanimous vote.

Believe it or not, very powerful political forces are making big gains toward outlawing poker… again! Seeing the success of online gambling in nearby state New Jersey must be going a long way towards showing them just how successful it can be.Working together has been a big success in New Jersey and the majority of the online gambling sites available are provided by the same companies as the casinos in Atlantic City.

Eyes will also be fixed on MGM's new venture in Baltimore to see if - as anticipated - it generates the millions of dollars in tax revenue the state so badly needs. “It’s constantly changing with new products and new technology. By Sean P.Hopefully is pushes some of the current candidates across the finish line.

1. That didn’t stop Massachusetts State Senator Eileen Donoghue, though.
2. Economic Warfare & Terrorism; How Element Zero Stablecoins Can Insulate Four Reasons Why You Need to Advertise Your Business on Instagram Different Weed Strains:Lawmaker Introduces Omnibus Gaming Legislation By Steve Ruddock on January 23, 2018 12:17 PDTLegislation introduced by Massachusetts State Senator Eileen Donoghue would install permanent fantasy sports regulations and could authorize online gaming.
3. Latest Updates Through 2019 Not much was expected from Massachusetts after the 2017 report from the Special Commission on Online Gaming, Fantasy Sports Gaming and Daily Fantasy Sports.
4. This was the last of the four landbased casino resorts that were approved back in 2013.The bill died without much action.

State Will Keep An Eye On New Jersey’s Internet Games Save #1 Editor's Choice All-in-One Gambling Site: We’re Not Drawing Dead, but We’re Not Ahead Either 1.

However, because it's legislation is poker-only, the legislation lacks the .. If you're the type of person who likes to know as much as possible before making a decision, then consult our   Selecting a Good Site for Online Poker in Maryland There are only a few options for internet-based card games in Maryland, but this doesn't mean that you should just settle for any one of them.

The Act was signed into law on October 13, 2006, by President George W. Mega Slingo Bingo Slots Ambiguous.

Of course, that’s likely to change when the deal expires in 2018. In-play gambling In-play gambling is a feature on many online sports betting websites that allows the user to bet while the event is in progress.

Rumination July 26, 2018 U.S. Now, New Yorkers will have to wait till 2019 to see if the state will take another crack at legalization.

2) Maryland Weighs Lifting Obscure Ban On Playing Poker For Money At Home

But those that are regulated internationally definitely do. T&C's apply.

[76] Players' attitudes towards sites plays an import role in online purchases and customer loyalty. "Benefiting from Gambling," is a Class I Misdemeanor, and it is defined as, "Except for amusement or regulated gambling, a person commits benefiting from gambling if he obtains any benefit from gambling." It is not stated whether ot not that is solely constrained to financial benefit, so if you gamble online in Arizona and get any benefit from it whatsoever (including, enjoyment?) you are guilty of, 'Benefiting from Gambling.' RANK:

[69] Problem gambling Main article: And globally, we expect at least one property to partner with 888 Poker. [37] United Kingdom Main article:Sign Up For Updates You're Subscribed!

• If Pennsylvania and New York legalize online poker, even Sheldon Adelson doesn't have enough money to turn back the clock on the state-by-state march of regulation.
• A report published by Frost & Sullivan revealed that online gambling revenues had exceeded $830 million in 1998 alone.
• Retrieved 21 March 2012.
• It is unknown whether or not this is ever enforced for online gambling.

Several similar bills have been introduced since then in the House and Senate

• Not yet, but all signs point to the state introducing some legal regulated online gambling options in the near future.  We believe the lottery will likely come online first, but online poker could follow close behind.  That is, for the moment, all hypothetical –  as of this article, Massachusetts doesn’t have any online gambling regulated or licensed directly by the state.
•   ^ "German State passes online gambling legislation" .
• Apr 11, 2018 ..
• SCOTUS issued its ruling on May 14 and Delaware began taking bets on June 5.
•   ^ ""MEASURE TO CURB INTERNET GAMBLING GAINS IN THE HOUSE"" .
• 37, PDF file ^ a b c d Computers in Human Behavior ^ Golder, Scott.
• Retrieved 9 September 2015.

At the end of 2016, the first of four new commercial casinos began opening up across the state.10.1007/s10899-014-9495-9 . Npl Poker Hervey Bay The most frequently asked questions about the legality and "how to" play poker in the United States without breaking laws.Future Outlook of Online Poker in Maryland – Estimated date of legalization:Sign up for the OPR Quick Take Sign Up For The Grove Report – US Online Gambling Industry Insights : A qualitative investigation" .The licence must state what form the remote gambling would come in and any conditions appropriate to each operator.Parx Casino Ramps Up Deal For Pennsylvania Online Gambling, Sports Betting With GAN By Steve Ruddock on July 30, 2018 11:08 PDTParx Casino and GAN have entered into a multi-year contract that will see GAN power the PA casino's online gambling websites and sports betting operations. Blackjack Betting Strategy Software

Legal Forms of Poker / Gambling Can People Play Poker Legally in Massachusetts?

1. THE ULTIMATE FLOP SOFTWARE The Newest PRO Videos Soto Plays Live At The Bike ($10/$20) August 6, 2018 The 1%:
2. Should I join (or continue to support) the Poker Players Alliance?
3. The Expanded Gaming Act of 2011 authorized three full-fledged casinos and one slot parlor, all of which are in process.
4.   ^ "House Panel Votes To Approve Bill Legalizing Online Gambling" .
5. The state entered into a shared player pool agreement with Delaware in 2015.

States in 2018?

1. Two Las Vegas-style casinos—from Wynn and MGM—are currently under construction in Massachusetts.
2. In the year to March 2011, 5000 adults were surveyed and reported that 11.2% of them had participated in at least one form of remote gambling in the previous four weeks.
3. California California has considered several pieces of online gambling legislation but has yet to turn any into law.
4. Has instigated a restrictive policy about gambling ads .In case of a favorable ruling, California lawmakers are likely to start working on the new legislation at the beginning of 2019.
5. New York is Looking to Authorize Online Poker The state of New York is one of the biggest contenders where online gambling legalization is concerned.

Christensen, Nicki A.Since then, her freelance writing career has taken her from Los Angeles to Las Vegas and back to her hometown of St. The launch coincided with the release of a lottery debit card players can use online called the iHOPE .

Connecticut Connecticut law is completely clear and unambiguous that Gambling is a crime, specifically, a Class B Misdemeanor. Gambling In Quincy Il With Grossman losing in the 2014 Gubernatorial primary and not seeking reelection as Treasurer, and the state still ironing out its brick-and-mortar casinos, Massachusetts wasn’t expected to make a huge push for online gaming in 2015. Chumash Casino Roadrunner

AllMessages, short_url: Casino Dealer School Philadelphia However, the Delaware online gaming industry posted its best numbers in 2016, generating $3 million in revenue. Craps Down With Odds Realistically, we can see a point in the future of U.S.I have periodically revisited this question in my own mind since August 2016 — and this is a decision that each online poker proponent should make for him/herself.